Abstract

Background: Lactoferrin (Lf), an iron binding ~80 kDa glycoprotein is a well characterized multifunctional protein found to be present in mammalian milk and in most exocrine secretions. Besides Lf‟s important physiological roles in the process of iron homeostasis, iron transportation and sequestration, it is well known for its properties such as antimicrobial, anti-viral anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory functions. Objectives: Main objective of the study was to develop, characterize and see the bio-distribution of iron saturated lactoferrin protein loaded novel ceramic nanocarriers to deliver orally in Giardia lamblia infected, colon, breast and prostate cancer mice. Results: In our study, we developed the nanoformulation of a novel alginate enclosed, chitosan coated Fe-bLf loaded ceramic nanocarriers (ACSC NCs). Uptakes of these NCs in vitro in human intestinal epithelial CaCo2 cells were analyzed, by measuring the endocytosis and transcytosis. The results show the NCs was having size range of 200nm with spherical morphology. SDS PAGE followed by western blotting, using specific antibodies against bLf confirms the structural integrity of the protein after the nano formulation. Confocal microscopy and flow cytometry qualitatively and quantitatively determines the internalization of rhodamine labeled NCs, upon treating them on to CaCo2 cells. In this study was carried out with the aim to investigate anti-parasitic activities of Fe bLf loaded ACSC NCs in cell based assays and in mice models of Giardia lamblia, a common parasite of children. Initially the experiments were carried out with native Australian bovine lactoferrin (bLf, ~15% saturated with iron). The efficacy of this protein was compared with other forms of Lf: Fe-Lf (100% saturated with iron), Apo-Lf (unsaturated with iron) using different concentrations in comparison to anti-parasitic drug, Metronidazole. The two forms of bovine lactoferrin (bLf)- apo & native forms showed microbicidal effect on the parasites in vitro and killing was concentration dependent. Apo-bLf showed more inhibitory activity against trophozoites of G. lamblia than native bLf after 12 hrs of incubation with the drug. When the effectiveness of bLf was tested in comparison with metronidazole (40 mM), bLf was found to be more effective in killing the parasites. Fe-bLf loaded ACSC NCs significantly reduced parasitic load in Giardia lamblia infected Balb/c mice. Fe bLf increased the average weight of the spleens of Giardia lamblia infected mice by 15%, accompanied by a major increase in the numbers of particular leukocyte subsets in the spleen. CD4+, CD8+, NK, IFN-+-expressing and dendritic cell numbers in the spleen were significantly